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小贴士：
这篇选自经济学人的文章将分成上下两集发出，请明天继续学习哦～
——大橙子留
上期翻译答案
“2022 has obviously been a highly challenging year of the UK economy, and it is not surprising that these chilly headwinds will continue throughout 2023, bringing with it some unwelcome milestones in terms of economic and social well being measures.”
“2022年显然是英国经济极具挑战的一年，并且毫不奇怪，这些惨淡的情况将在2023年持续下去，在经济和社会福利措施方面造成一些重大的里程碑式的不利事件。”
1. chilly: chilly weather or places are cold enough to make you feel uncomfortable
2. headwind: a wind that blows directly towards you when you are moving
《本期内容》
双语阅读
Learning new things is hard. Remembering what has already been learned is harder. Any successful learning system, be it a brain or a piece of artificial-intelligence software, muststrike the right balance betweenstability and flexibility. It must be stable enough to remember important old things yet flexible enough to learn new ones without destroying old memory traces—preferably for as long as it exists.
学习新东西不易，但记住旧知识更难。翻译划线句，长按文末小程序码打卡，答案下期公布~无论是大脑还是人工智能软件，任何成功的学习系统都必须在稳定和灵活之间取得恰当的平衡。首先必须足够稳定，能够记住重要的旧知识，同时又足够灵活，能够在不破坏旧记忆痕迹的情况下学习新知识——最好在整个生命周期都能保持这种平衡。
Learning is a result of changes in the pattern of neural connectivity in the brain. Each connection between nerve cells, called asynapse, is a tiny gap between the ends of branchesramifyingfrom such cells. Messages jump across these gaps in the form of molecules called neurotransmitters. Current estimates suggest there are 600 trillion synapses in a human brain.
学习是大脑神经连接模式变化的结果。神经细胞之间的各个连接称为突触，是这些细胞分支末端之间的微小间隙。信息以一种称为神经递质的分子形式穿越这些间隙。目前估计人类大脑中有600万亿个突触。
How, then, to deal with the stability – plasticity dilemma – particularly as brains age and, as it were,fill up? Research by Dimitra Vardoulakis, Kwanghun Chung and Mark Harnett at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology just published in Nature, suggests one way is to preserve into adulthood a type of memory – forming synapse found in children. These are called silent synapses.
那么，我们该如何平衡大脑的稳定性和可塑性——特别是在大脑老化并且已经“被信息填满”的情况下——我们该如何应对这种两难境地？麻省理工学院的迪米特拉·瓦达拉基、钟光勋和马克·哈内特的研究表明，一种方法是将儿童大脑中发现的一种形成记忆的突触保留到成年时期。这些被保留下来的突触名为沉默突触。
Silent synapses – which, as their name suggests, transmit no signal from one nerve cell to another – are often found on the ends of slender, immatureprotrusionsfrom nerve cells, calledfilopodia. Until now, it had been thought that these disappeared as a brain matured.
沉默突触——顾名思义，它不会将信号从一个神经细胞传递到另一个神经细胞——通常出现在神经细胞细长的未成熟突起的未端，称为树突丝。到目前为止，人们一直认为，这些东西会随着大脑的成熟消失。
But Drs Vardoulakis, Chung and Harnett have shown not only that they are present in adulthood, but also that they are common, at least in mice. Just over a quarter of the connections they sampled in adult mouse visualcorticeswere silent synapses on filopodia. Andmurineand human brains are sufficiently alike that something similar almost certainly applies to people. And murine and human brains are sufficiently alike that something similar almost certainly applies to people.
但瓦达拉基、钟光勋和哈内特博士已经证明，它们不仅能够存在于成年期的大脑中，而且十分常见，至少在老鼠身上是这样。他们在成年小鼠的视皮层中采样的突触中，略多于四分之一是树突丝上的沉默突触。老鼠大脑和人类大脑非常相似，因此几乎可以肯定类似的东西也存在于人类大脑之中。
本文节选自：The Economist（经济学人）
发布时间：2023.01.05
作者：Science and Technology
原文标题：How adult brains learn the new without forgetting the old
词汇积累
1.synapse
英/ ˈsaɪnæps; ˈsɪnæps /美/ ˈsaɪnæpsˌˈsɪnæps /
n.突触
2.ramify
英/ ˈræmɪfaɪ /美/ ˈræmɪfaɪ /
v.（使）分枝，分叉；成网状
3.protrusion
英/ prəˈtruːʒn /美/ proʊˈtruːʒn /
n.突出；突出物
4.filopodia
英/ ˌfɪləˈpəʊdɪə /
n.[无脊椎] 丝状伪足
5.cortex
英/ ˈkɔːteks /美/ ˈkɔːrteks /
n.皮层，（尤指）大脑皮层；（植）皮层
6.murine
英/ ˈmjʊəraɪn; ˈmjʊərɪn /美/ ˈmjʊraɪn /
adj.鼠（或相关啮齿动物）的，感染鼠的
n.鼠科动物
词组搭配
1.strike the right balance between 在……取得适当平衡
2.fill up 填补；装满；堵塞
写作句总结
原句：文章第三段
提炼结构：One way to deal with sth is to…
例句：One way to deal with stress is to take a few deep breaths and focus on the present moment.
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